Shroud of Turin Analytical Index
All references in this Lexicon use page numbers (p.) from the PDF version of the Karapanagiotis study.
The HTML version does not preserve page breaks and cannot be used for citation lookup.
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
A
ABA (Acid–Base–Acid) Cleaning Process
Radiocarbon labs applied rigorous ABA and similar pretreatments to remove contaminants.
Citation: p.15
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Age Indicators (Vanillin / Lignin)
Age-related chemical changes are discussed generally as degradation phenomena of cellulose and associated components, not as precise clocks.
Citation: p.12
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Anatomical Accuracy Claims
Some supposed anatomical precision aligns with stylized artistic rendering rather than forensic accuracy.
Citation: p.24
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Apparent Negative Image Claim
The negative-like appearance reflects tonal contrast behavior and does not imply photographic mechanisms.
Citation: p.9
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
B
Bas-Relief Image Formation Hypothesis
Bas-relief rubbing and related techniques can produce shallow surface coloration similar to what is observed on the cloth.
Citation: p.10
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Biological Contamination (Microbes / Biofilms)
Microbial coatings and biofilms are considered as potential contaminants but are not sufficient to alter the radiocarbon age after pretreatment.
Citation: p.15
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Bioplastic Coating Hypothesis
Claims of massive bioplastic layers lack supporting evidence and are not considered a credible contamination route.
Citation: p.15
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Bloodstain Authenticity Claims
Spectroscopic and analytical results question simple identifications of the stains as well-preserved whole blood.
Citation: p.20
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Body Geometry (360-Degree Imaging)
Only frontal and dorsal images are visible; the overall description supports planar front–back imaging rather than a full 360-degree body wrap.
Citation: p.6
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
C
Carbon Replacement Requirement
Moving the radiocarbon date into antiquity would require replacing a very large fraction of the sample’s carbon, an unrealistic scenario.
Citation: p.15
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Chemical Oxidation / Cellulose Degradation
The coloration matches oxidation and dehydration chemistry of cellulose rather than applied pigments.
Citation: p.10
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Constantinople / Mandylion Claim
No secure historical or textile evidence links the Turin Shroud to the Mandylion or specific Constantinopolitan relics.
Citation: p.23
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Cotton Contamination (Raes Corner)
Cotton appears only in trace amounts not sufficient to distort radiocarbon results.
Citation: p.14
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
D
DNA Contamination (Human + Plant)
Mixed DNA signatures reflect centuries of handling and exposure, not geographic origin.
Citation: p.6
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Dust / Electrum / Microdebris Claims
Mineral particulates on the cloth are environmentally common and not geographically diagnostic.
Citation: p.6
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
E
Electrum Particles Claim
Electrum-related claims are reported from prior studies but have not been independently reproduced or shown to be probative.
Citation: p.6
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
F
Fire Contamination Hypothesis
Fire-induced contamination would require massive carbon replacement inconsistent with observed chemistry and preservation of the linen.
Citation: p.15
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Forensic Claims
Blood flow patterns, wound interpretation, and anatomical details are discussed with attention to limitations and disagreements among forensic assessments.
Citation: p.20
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Frei Pollen Claims
Frei’s pollen identifications are discussed as controversial and not independently verified due to missing voucher specimens.
Citation: p.6
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
G
Geometry Distortion Arguments
Geometric discrepancies and image distortions are treated as consequences of cloth draping and contact patterns rather than perfect anatomical projection.
Citation: p.7
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
H
Heterogeneity in Radiocarbon Data
Radiocarbon variance falls within normal analytical limits and does not display a contamination signature capable of shifting the age into antiquity.
Citation: p.15
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Historical Appearance (13th / 14th Century)
The earliest secure references to the Shroud date to medieval Europe, particularly 14th-century France.
Citation: p.23
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
I
Iconographic Parallels
Facial and stylistic features correspond closely to known iconographic traditions for Christ rather than unique forensic documentation.
Citation: p.24
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Image Not Painted (STURP)
STURP and subsequent work found no binding media typical of painting, although different interpretations exist in the literature.
Citation: p.19
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Image Superficiality
Coloration is limited to the cloth surface, consistent with mild chemical modification affecting only superficial fibrils.
Citation: p.10
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Invisible Reweave Hypothesis
Microscopy and textile examination report no structural anomalies consistent with fine reweaving at the sampled corner.
Citation: p.14
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
J
Jerusalem Provenance Claims
Trace materials on the cloth are reviewed and judged insufficient to establish a reliable Jerusalem or Levantine origin.
Citation: p.6
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
K
Kouznetsov Carboxylation Hypothesis
The proposed fire-induced carboxylation mechanism for shifting radiocarbon dates has not been experimentally reproduced and is treated skeptically.
Citation: p.15
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
L
Linen Structure (Herringbone Weave)
The herringbone twill weave is described and contextualized as consistent with medieval textile production.
Citation: p.7
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Lignin / Vanillin Loss Claims
Citation: (Not explicitly discussed in Karapanagiotis 2025 PDF.)
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
M
McCrone Pigment Claim
McCrone’s pigment interpretation is summarized among competing views and contrasted with results that did not find conventional paint layers.
Citation: p.19
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Microbial Contamination Claim
Microbial contamination is considered but assessed as insufficient, after pretreatment, to significantly alter radiocarbon age.
Citation: p.15
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
N
Neutron Burst Hypothesis
Speculative neutron-flux mechanisms are reviewed as part of radiation-based hypotheses and noted to lack empirical support.
Citation: p.18
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
O
Oxidation / Dehydration Image Chemistry
Surface chemistry shows oxidative and dehydration changes consistent with low-temperature chemical reactions.
Citation: p.10
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
P
Pollen Geography Argument
Pollen findings are treated cautiously, and existing data do not reliably establish a Levantine or uniquely Middle Eastern origin.
Citation: p.6
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Pyrolytic Scorch Hypothesis
Thermal scorching is discussed as producing deeper penetration than the very superficial coloration observed on the Shroud image.
Citation: p.10
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
R
Radiocarbon Calibration Objections
Citation: (Calibration procedures are not explicitly treated as a separate topic in Karapanagiotis 2025 PDF.)
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Radiocarbon Methodology Claims
AMS methodology and general radiocarbon procedures for textiles are described as standard and well established.
Citation: p.15
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Radiocarbon Sample Location Objection
The sampled corner and its representativeness are discussed in light of textile and microscopic observations.
Citation: p.14
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Resurrection Radiation Claims
Radiation-and resurrection-based image or dating mechanisms are summarized as speculative and outside normal empirical frameworks.
Citation: p.18
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
S
Scorch Hypothesis (Thermal Contact)
Direct-contact scorching produces deeper fiber penetration than the Shroud’s superficial image.
Citation: p.10
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Side-Image Absence
The description of frontal and dorsal body images only is consistent with the absence of true side images and a non-wrapping geometry.
Citation: p.6
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
STURP Core Findings
STURP’s main findings are summarized, emphasizing superficial coloration and lack of conventional paint binders.
Citation: p.19
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Supernatural Energy Claims
Supernatural or miraculous mechanisms are noted as beyond the scope of testable scientific analysis.
Citation: p.18
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
T
Textile Contamination Pathways
Surface debris and particulate contamination are discussed as normal for relic textiles and not necessarily age-distorting.
Citation: p.15
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
Thermochemical Imaging Mechanisms
Thermal and chemical processes are described among proposed natural mechanisms compatible with the shallow, surface-level coloration.
Citation: p.2
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
V
Vanillin Loss Argument
Citation: (Vanillin-specific arguments are not explicitly discussed in Karapanagiotis 2025 PDF.)
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
VP-8 Image Analyzer Claim
VP-8 relief effects are treated as a property of tonal images in general and not as evidence of authenticity.
Citation: p.9
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/5/1/8/pdf
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